No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. In the European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NO x), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes.
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